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Lying off the north- western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north- eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of 2. UK is the 7. 8th- largest sovereign state in the world and the 1. Europe. It is also the 2. Torrent anonymously with torrshield encrypted vpn pay with bitcoin.The capital of the UK and its largest city is London, a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 1. Europe and second- largest in the European Union. The nearby Isle of Man, Bailiwick of Guernsey and Bailiwick of Jersey are not part of the United Kingdom, being Crown dependencies with the British Government responsible for defence and international representation. Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1. Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1. Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1. 92. 2, five- sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. British influence can be observed in the language, culture, and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a developed country and has the world's fifth- largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth- largest economy by purchasing power parity. The UK is considered to have a high- income economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index, ranking 1. It was the world's first industrialised country and the world's foremost power during the 1. It has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community (EEC), since 1. However, on 2. 3 June 2. UK's membership of the EU resulted in a 5. The UK is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Council of Europe, the G7 finance ministers, the G7 forum, the G2. NATO, the Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Etymology and terminology. The 1. 70. 7 Acts of Union declared that the kingdoms of England and Scotland were . The term Great Britain, by contrast, refers conventionally to the island of Great Britain, or politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination. Additionally, the United Kingdom's Olympic team competes under the name . The term has no definite legal connotation, but is used in law to refer to UK citizenship and matters to do with nationality. Its first page shows the long form name of the state in English, Welsh and Scottish Gaelic. In Scottish Gaelic, the long form is . Following the Declaration of Arbroath, Scotland maintained its independence, albeit in near- constant conflict with England. The English monarchs, through inheritance of substantial territories in France and claims to the French crown, were also heavily involved in conflicts in France, most notably the Hundred Years War, while the Kings of Scots were in an alliance with the French during this period. The British constitution would develop on the basis of constitutional monarchy and the parliamentary system. During this period, particularly in England, the development of naval power (and the interest in voyages of discovery) led to the acquisition and settlement of overseas colonies, particularly in North America. A series of Jacobite Uprisings sought to remove the Protestant House of Hanover from the British throne and restore the Catholic House of Stuart. The Jacobites were finally defeated at the Battle of Culloden in 1. Scottish Highlanders were brutally suppressed. The British colonies in North America that broke away from Britain in the American War of Independence became the United States of America, recognised by Britain in 1. British imperial ambition turned elsewhere, particularly to India. British ships transported an estimated 2 million slaves from Africa to the West Indies before banning the trade in 1. Anti- Slavery International, in London in 1. Gradually political power shifted away from the old Tory and Whig landowning classes towards the new industrialists. An alliance of merchants and industrialists with the Whigs would lead to a new party, the Liberals, with an ideology of free trade and laissez- faire. In 1. 83. 2 Parliament passed the Great Reform Act, which began the transfer of political power from the aristocracy to the middle classes. In the countryside, enclosure of the land was driving small farmers out. Towns and cities began to swell with a new urban working class. Few ordinary workers had the vote, and they created their own organisations in the form of trade unions. Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, British dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions, such as Asia and Latin America. During the century, the population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, causing significant social and economic stresses. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self- governing dominions. The Labour Party emerged from an alliance of trade unions and small Socialist groups in 1. The British Empire reached its greatest extent, covering a fifth of the world's land surface and a quarter of its population. Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom. The UK had still not recovered from the effects of the war when the Great Depression (1. This led to considerable unemployment and hardship in the old industrial areas, as well as political and social unrest in the 1. A coalition government was formed in 1. In 1. 94. 0, Winston Churchill became prime minister and head of a coalition government. Despite the defeat of its European allies in the first year of the war, the UK continued the fight alone against Germany. In 1. 94. 0, the RAF defeated the German Luftwaffe in a struggle for control of the skies in the Battle of Britain. The UK suffered heavy bombing during the Blitz. There were also eventual hard- fought victories in the Battle of the Atlantic, the North Africa campaign and Burma campaign. UK forces played an important role in the Normandy landings of 1. US. The UK became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. However, the war left the UK severely weakened and depending financially on the Marshall Plan. Independence was granted to India and Pakistan in 1. Many became members of the Commonwealth of Nations. The international spread of the English language ensured the continuing international influence of its literature and culture. In the following decades, the UK became a more multi- ethnic society than before. In 1. 96. 0 the UK was one of the seven founding members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), but in 1. European Economic Community (EEC). When the EEC became the European Union (EU) in 1. UK was one of the 1. The Treaty of Lisbon was signed in 2. European Union since then. It is usually considered to have ended with the Belfast . From 1. 98. 4, the economy was helped by the inflow of substantial North Sea oil revenues. The UK is still a key global player diplomatically and militarily. It plays leading roles in the EU, UN and NATO. However, controversy surrounds some of Britain's overseas military deployments, particularly in Afghanistan and Iraq. The coalition government of 2. The country occupies the major part of the British Isles. It lies between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea with the south- east coast coming within 2. France, from which it is separated by the English Channel. Northern Ireland shares a 2. Republic of Ireland. The main rivers and estuaries are the Thames, Severn and the Humber. England's highest mountain is Scafell Pike (9. Lake District. Its principal rivers are the Severn, Thames, Humber, Tees, Tyne, Tweed, Avon, Exe and Mersey. Scotland is the most mountainous country in the UK and its topography is distinguished by the Highland Boundary Fault. The more rugged Highland region contains the majority of Scotland's mountainous land, including Ben Nevis which at 1,3. British Isles. The main population and industrial areas are in South Wales, consisting of the coastal cities of Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, and the South Wales Valleys to their north. The highest mountains in Wales are in Snowdonia and include Snowdon (Welsh: Yr Wyddfa) which, at 1,0. Wales. Wales has over 2,7. It includes Lough Neagh which, at 3. British Isles by area. Atlantic currents, warmed by the Gulf Stream, bring mild winters. Summers are warmest in the south- east of England, being closest to the European mainland, and coolest in the north. Heavy snowfall can occur in winter and early spring on high ground, and occasionally settles to great depth away from the hills. Administrative divisions. There is no consistent system of administrative or geographic demarcation across the United Kingdom. Until the 1. 9th century there was little change to those arrangements, but there has since been a constant evolution of role and function. Legislation concerning local government in England is the responsibility of the UK's parliament and the government, as England has no devolved legislature. The upper- tier subdivisions of England are the nine regions, now used primarily for statistical purposes. Councillors are elected by the first- past- the- post system in single- member wards or by the multi- member plurality system in multi- member wards. The cities of Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Dundee are separate council areas, as is the Highland Council which includes a third of Scotland's area but only just over 2. Local councils are made up of elected councillors, of whom there are 1,2. Elections are conducted by single transferable vote in multi- member wards that elect either three or four councillors.
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